Norms and Cultures free essay sample

A brief examination of problems that a newcomer faces when joining an organization and attempting to conform to new norms and cultures. This paper defines what culture is and discusses what hurdles an outsider faces when joining a new organization. The focus is an example of a new work place and dress code ethics. Culture had been defined not as the behavior of the people living in it; it is the it in which they live. The culture of an organization includes the language, dress codes, and habits of the operations, value systems, an ethics code, attitude and interactions between various strata of the organization and work principles. Norms-are the organized and shared ideas of what the members in the organization do and feel, and how these norms should be regulated. The basic needs are physiological, needs for security, affiliation, to feel self-esteem and for self-actualization (Harvey and Brown, 1976).

Each vs. Both

Each vs. Both Each vs. Both Each vs. Both By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is the correct usage for each and both? Example: You and I both know what its like. or You and I each know what its like. Each is singular. In relation to a group, it means â€Å"all of any number, considered individually.† Examples of usage: Each child in the school has been vaccinated against smallpox. When groups of individuals join together in business partnerships,  each  member of the partnership becomes bound by basic legal  duties.   Both is plural. It refers to two of something. Examples of usage: Both men are Nobel Prize winners. Walthers lectures were  both informative and entertaining. When speaking of two people, both is usually the more appropriate choice. The only reason to use each when speaking of two people/things would be to emphasize the individuality of separate acts or to avoid ambiguity. Consider the following sentences: 1. Jack and Bill share a room. Both are responsible for cleaning half. 2. Mr. Jones gave both his daughters a dog. 3. Both of us received a letter this morning. Most listeners would understand the first sentence to mean that each boy is responsible for one half of the room. Sentence three might be understood to mean that each of the two received separate letters. Sentence two is definitely ambiguous: Did each daughter receive a dog of her own, or did both daughters receive one dog to share? The following revisions would prevent misunderstanding: 1. Jack and Bill share a room. Each is responsible for cleaning half. 2. Mr. Jones gave each of his daughters a dog. 3. Each of us received a letter this morning. In the reader’s question, the first example is correct: â€Å"You and I both know what its like.† The second example presents an impossibility of agreement: â€Å"You and I each know what its like.† The subject â€Å"You and I† is plural and requires the plural verb know. The word each, however, is singular and would require the singular verb knows. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S30 Baseball Idioms10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Quality Assurance in Clinical Bacteriology Assignment

Quality Assurance in Clinical Bacteriology - Assignment Example From start to end, the full production line has to be properly monitored and to be prepared with contingency plans. To achieve Total Quality Management, a Quality System—defined as the organizational structure and resources needed to implement quality requirements (Kumari and Bhatia, 2003, p. 20)—must be established. The organizationl management and structure, the referential (quality) standards, documentation, assessment (monitoring and evaluation) and training are all part of Quality Systems. Proper delegation of responsibilities and appropriate distribution of work load will provide balance to the systems as well as make a stable foundation for the work flow. Standards for quality measurement are also critical not only in ensuring the uniformity but also in the assurance of providing quality output all the time. Proper documentation and assessment of the work flow usually defines the level of progress the system will be able to achieve. Thorough evaluation of the whole process may uncover loop holes, weaknesses and possible sources of errors of the production line. Identifying th ese flaws is the first step in developing its solution. Henceforth, training of the work force and countinous update of protocols must be implemented for the whole group to improve. Aside from Quality System, Quality Audit is also important for the improvement of the laboratory. As explained by Kumari and Bhatia (2003), Quality Audits are established to verify the effectiveness of the acivities of the laboratory. This is to test whether the implemented actions do solve and/or accomplish its designated target. A separate team, either another group within the laboratory (internal audits) or a group not within the laboratory (external audits), usually handle these concerns to achieve an impartial view and judgement. Improvement is not a one-step thing. It is continous. It is vital for the system to repeatedly plan, do (implement), check and act

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 101

Essay Example This study goes further and defines performance as the actions of a speaker. Performance is the situation where a speaker is able to convey information through actions. In Brown’s report, competence has been referred to as i-language, which is the language in the brain. This is similar to the earlier definition of competence. Bloom also defines performance as e-language. This refers to language that is externalized. According to the three perspectives, performance is the actual saying of a word or a sentence. This is the sound that is articulated and made. Competence is the ability of a speaker to produce a word or a sentence. It is what is known about a word or a sentence. Linguistics has been described as the science that study language. This is because Linguists carry out experiments to obtain results that act as a basis for the various conclusions made about different aspects of language. The difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language has also been brought out clearly. We see that the descriptive strategy normally has its basis on the past. It makes conclusions about a certain language depending on past state of issues. On the other hand the prescriptive strategy puts all factors into consideration while analyzing various criteria. The prescriptive strategy takes the second best option in choosing the strategy that could be applied realistically. A synchronic view to linguistics has been explained as a view that analyses a linguistic phenomenon at a given time (Aitchison,j.1992). On the other hand, diachronic analysis considers a certain phenomenon in terms of changes that have taken place over a given time duration. These definitions appear to be almost similar in the three cases that have been

Relapse Prevention Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Relapse Prevention Plan - Essay Example The initial procedure for early relapse prevention that Jed should use is as follows: he should recognize that he is undergoing an emotional relapse that is changing his behavior; he should also recognize that he is isolating himself and therefore he should ask for help. Nonetheless, Jed should understand that he is anxious and should employ new relaxation techniques (Addictions and Recovery.org, 2012). Consequently he should recognize that his eating and sleeping habits are deteriorating and practice good self-care. Prolonged emotional relapse will make him exhausted which might prompt him to go back to drinking; this will result into mental relapse (Melemis, 2012). The only way to avoid relapse is that he should take good self-care, and if he cant, he should ask for help. Whenever he feels a drinking urge he should call a friend, a support, or someone in recovery and share what he is undergoing. The moment he shares his feelings, the urge will automatically disappear (Clarkson,

What Is The Nuclear Arms Race History Essay

What Is The Nuclear Arms Race History Essay In this IA we will try find out how the origin, the peak and the end of the nuclear arms race. The  nuclear  arms race  was a struggle for supremacy in  nuclear warfare  between the  United States, the  Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the  Cold War. In addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead manufacture on nearly the same scale as the two  superpowers. This topic was chosen because of its enormous weight during the Cold War, as well as being a very famous topic to talk about (especially when it comes to history) and generally due to the preposterous thought that all life on this planet could have been destroyed just because one nation disliked the other nation. The investigation will focus on: The origin of the race (this will include the creation of the first nuclear weapon, which kick started the race, as well as shift in the world powers). A brief mention will be made about spy wars during the period. The peak of the race (this will include the peak in the terms of the production and destructive capabilities of nukes e.g. hydrogen bombs, thermonuclear devices and ICBMs). A brief mention will be made about nuclear scare. The end of the race (this will include MAD, the collapse of U.S.S.R and nuclear disarmament). A brief mention will be made about the negative affect upon the economy of both superpowers. Note: There will be mention of all major nuclear detonations in the world e.g. Trinity, RDS-1, Castel Bravo, and Tsar Bomba. This investigation will only include nuclear arms race conducted between U.S.S.R and U.S.A and within the time period of 1945 to 1991. Summary of evidence September 17, 1942, Manhattan Project  [1]  : The Manhattan Project was a secret military project created to produce the first US nuclear weapon. July 17, 1945, Potsdam Conference  [2]  : The Potsdam Conference, a meeting of the victorious leaders of the Allies in Europe, attempted to confront the delicate balance of power of the opposing governmental structures, democracy and communism.   July 16, 1945, Trinity  [3]  : First fission device test, first plutonium implosion detonation. August 6, 1945, Little Boy  [4]  : Bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, first detonation of an enriched uranium gun-type device, first use of a nuclear device in military combat. August 9, 1945, Fat Man  [5]  : Bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, and the last use of a nuclear device in military combat. August 29, 1949, RDS-1  [6]  : First fission weapon test by the USSR. November 1, 1952, Ivy Mike  [7]  : First cryogenic fusion fuel staged thermonuclear weapon, primarily a test device and not weaponized. August 12, 1953, Joe 4  [8]  : First fusion weapon test by the USSR (not staged). March 1, 1954, Castel Bravo  [9]  : First dry fusion fuel staged thermonuclear weapon; a serious nuclear accident occurred. November 22, 1955, RDS-37  [10]  : First staged thermonuclear weapon test by the USSR (deployable). October 31, 1961, Tsar Bomba  [11]  : Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested, however was scaled down from its initial 100 Mt (mega tons) design by 50%. Important People: Robert Oppenheimer  [12]  : director of the Manhattan project, American physicist Robert Oppenheimer was responsible for collecting, coordinating, and leading the team that developed and detonated the first atomic bomb. Klaus Fuchs  [13]  : German physicist, and Communist Party member, was employed by the United Kingdom atomic energy program during World War II, and was sent to work on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. Theodore Hall  [14]  : was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on US efforts to develop the first atomic bomb during World War II, gave a detailed description   Nikita Khrushchev  [15]  : led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964 Theodore Roosevelt  [16]  : was the 26th President of the United States of America. Harry Truman  [17]  : was the 33rd President of the United States. Joseph Stalin  [18]  : was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. Evaluation of Sources Spartacus Educational, s. v. Nuclear Arms Race, accessed May 18, 2012, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDnucleararms.htm Establish by John Simkin, in September 1997. Spartacus Educational website provides a series of historical encyclopedias. Entries usually include a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is linked to other relevant pages in encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hyper-linked so the student is able to find about the writer, artist, newspaper and organization that produced the material. Youtube, s.v. The Truth Game, accessed May 21, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjLgbeUwK_c John Pilgers documentary which looks at world-wide propaganda surrounding the nuclear arms race. When the two American atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, they were code-named  Fat Man  and  Little Boy, and President Truman announced after the event:  The experiment has been an overwhelming success.  These, says Pilger,  were words used to describe the awful and horrific carnage of nuclear war. By using reassuring, even soothing language, this new kind of propaganda created acceptable images of war and the illusion that we could live securely with nuclear weapons. Analyses The origin Between the years 1941 and 1945, Robert Oppenheimer began the production of what was known at the time the Manhattan Project, the construction of a weapon that would create a fission reaction and have catastrophic affects. During this time, war time ally, the Soviet Union was weary of US actions and sent Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall to spy on any activity that might be considerate suspicions. What they uncovered was the Manhattan Project. Stalin was informed of the project before Theodore Roosevelts death. President Truman was in fact unknowing of the project up until his presidency. When Truman told Stalin of the atomic bomb, at the Potsdam conference, he had no idea that Soviet Union and Stalin had known about the bomb before he had. The atomic bomb was first utilized on august 6, 1945 when the bomb, code named Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later on August 9 1945, President Truman gave the order to drop the bomb, code named Fat Man, on Nagasaki. The world was shocked. Oppenheimer resigned after the dropping of both bombs, having said: Now Ive become death, destroyer of worlds. Many things changed in the world after that, the county of Japan was crippled, the balance of power had been disturbed and USSR had opened its eyes in regards of developing nuclear weapons. US estimated that USSR would not have nuclear weapons program up and running up until later half of 1950s. This was based on the belief that there was scarcity of uranium in the world and that US had the monopoly on that. However thanks to research gathered by spies and new resources coming from the satellite states the USSR got a bomb a decade sooner than anticipated. RDS-1 was detonated by the USSR, for the second time in four years the balance was again disturbed in the world and the global panic ensued. The US and USSR spent the coming years stockpiling weapons and resources in the effort for both countries to be more prepared than the other. The Peak Developments of hydrogen enriched bomb began 1952, in November that year the US detonated the first of these (Ivy Mike). This was responded a year later with USSRs true hydrogen bomb (Joe 4). At this point in time espionage was not working for USSR and so domestic research began on new developments. During this time the goal was to fire nukes from respective countries that would be able to reach the other nations and thus the research into ICBMs (Intercontinental ballistic missiles) started. The launch of satellite Sputnik, in 1957, would prove US that USSR could launch a missile that would hit anywhere in the world. This would start the era know as space race. By the late 1950s a growing tensing between the two nations was forming, due to the idea that both the attacker and the defender will be destroyed if a nuclear war ever happened, thus the idea of MAD (mutually assured destruction) was conceived. This period spawned a lot of social change in respective countries. US started the campaign of Red Threat. Videos in schools across North America instructed children to duck and cover in case if they got attacked. The Soviet Union responded by attacking the US way of life and putting up propaganda against capitalist ideals. Nikita Khrushchev succession of Stalin, in 1953, showed much promise for a move towards peace between the two nations. Khrushchevs peaceful co-existence doctrine was however rejected by the US and forced the USSR to continue stockpiling weapons in fear of being bombed. Thou many of their weapons were more powerful than those dropped on Japan, the US began to move from kiloton bombs to megaton bombs. Castle bravo would prove to be the most powerful nuclear weapon the US would ever detonate. It was detonated on March 1, 1954 and yielded fifteen megatons of power. The thermonuclear ability of the bomb made it much more powerful than most conventional bomb at this time. However the USSR was developing a megaton bomb of their own, codenamed the Tsar Bomba (king bomb) it was nuclear weapon that held a hundred megatons of power, however due to impracticality of the bombs production and size it was reduced to half of the explosive effect. The results were still gargantuan. Tsar Bomba was detonated on October 31, 1961. It was a single most destructive force unleashed on earth by man. The End The production of nuclear weapons was a major hit to both economies, both had focused so much time, and resources, towards their projects that their economic situations were beginning to feel the heat. The US moved from anti-Soviet movement to a peace and disarmament movement. This would lead to both nations starting an era of nuclear weapon disarmament. During this period many treaties were singed to stop the production of new nuclear weapons, however the goals of the Treaties were only partially successful due to control maintained by both super powers in space. Where the treaties succeeded in limiting production, they would fail when it came to disarmament. Like many thing that year the arms race ended in 1991, with collapse of Soviet Union and mass disarmament occurred around the world. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in  nuclear warfare  between the  United States and the  Soviet Union to achieve dominance over the other nation as well as the production of nuclear weapons and capabilities to be able to unleashing destructive power of nuclear armaments upon the opposing nation. However this would prove useless to both sides, since both side had the capability to retaliate if the other attacked and would lead to MAD. Additionally it can be mentioned that the nuclear arms race was a way for US to keep U.S.S.R producing and spending more money to eventually win in the long run, which US did.

Salvation on Sand Mountain by Dennis Covington Essay -- Religion, Spir

Dennis Covington writes about a unique method of worship—snake handling, in his memoir, Salvation on Sand Mountain. He begins as a journalist, looking in on this foreign way of life; however, as time progresses he increasing starts to feel a part of this lifestyle. As a result loses his journalistic approach, resulting in his memoir, detailing his own spiritual journey. Upon the conclusion of his stay in this world, Covington realizes the significance of this journey, and argues in his memoir that we cannot entirely know ourselves until we step outside of our comfort zone and separate ourselves from our norm. It is almost as if Covington was in a dream or some sort of trance throughout this whole experience. He begins as a journalist covering an eccentric trial. Instead of leaving this world after the conclusion of the trial, he is intrigues and uses journalism to get a closer look and this unfamiliar practice. He becomes intoxicated with this fascination causing him to forget his initial intentions as a writer, and begins to act and feel as if he is one of them. It is only until he disagrees with the way they feel about women, Covington is forced to wake up from his dream and come back to life, finally realizing he this is not where he belongs or wants to be. The author says, â€Å"I think he knew what he was doing in releasing me back to the wider world† (236). Covington says, â€Å"It was as though nothing has happened, but of course everything had. I knew it could never be the same with the handlers. I had found my people. But I had also discovered that I couldn’t be one of them, after all. Knowing where you come from is one thing, but its suicide to stay there† (236). Everybody at that moment knew that his prescribed time... ...ife, and he does not want to end up like them. He says, â€Å"It’s sad, in a way. I wish I could assure the Porter and the McGlocklins and all the others that we can be friends as long as we like, but that I won’t be taking up serpents anymore. I refuse to be a witness to suicide, particularly my own. I have two daughters to raise, and a vocation in the world† (238). He finally acknowledges his place in the world, is ready and happy to fulfill his calling. It is evident that the author Covington has a strong ethos, which he uses to convey his argument to his readers. His argument becomes clear only at the end of the memoir, which is intentional; readers had to see the entirety of his journey in order to fully understand his underlying message. The author successfully conveys the message of self-purpose through his own struggles and experiences written in his memoir.

Code of Ethics for Engineers Essay

In his essay, â€Å"Thinking Like an Engineer†, Michael Davis argues that: engineering is a profession which requires a code of ethics, and that the engineers must abide by the code of ethics. He argues that engineering is a profession which requires a code of ethics so that engineers can be expected to follow specific normative patterns in carrying out their profession. This is for the benefit of the engineer himself, for other engineers and for the public in general. Having a set of normative patterns to follow as guidelines in exercising the engineering profession helps the engineer weigh different factors in making decisions. It lessens the possibility of being effectively influenced by outside considerations. The engineer can choose to abide by what the code of ethics provides and he will still avoid the shame and disrepute in case the decision he made based on his code of ethics will ultimately turn out to be wrong. His fellow engineers are also benefited because they will have a right to expect that an engineer will do according to what the code provides. They can trust that their colleagues will not adopt any conduct inimical to the profession and will not cut them short because of competition. They could reasonably expect that they can perform what engineers are ethically bound to do without the risk of being overruled by other engineers in the ethical aspects of their work by any high-handed method. They need not succumb to the pressure to do the things that an engineer should not do. Also, they could generally criticize the work of other engineers which are more or less opposed to what the code requires of them. The protection to the public afforded by this code of ethics for engineers is generated by giving them the right to expect that engineers will follow what the code requires of them so that the general public could reasonably object to any work done by an engineer which may seem unethical. The public can also be assured that the engineers will apply their expertise for the common good and will not take advantage of the public. The argument that the engineers must abide by the code of ethics is also for the good of everyone including the engineer himself. It is interesting to note here that Davis said that all engineers are obliged to follow their code of ethics whether they have read it or not. Indeed, the ethics they are to follow is inherently embedded into their profession. The engineer must abide by the code for the simple reason that he has chosen that profession and, therefore, must vow to abide by the rules and conventions set out by such profession. As a professional, he also has an obligation towards society to seek the common good and not only his personal aggrandizement. And more practically, he must abide by the code to avoid the shame and embarrassment in case something wrong happens with his work or with its results. He can fall back to the code to justify his decision. In fact, if his decision is totally done by the â€Å"book†, then the â€Å"book† itself will do the explanations for him. What is more, he can trust his colleagues to come to his defense with claims that â€Å"the engineer was just doing his job. † All in all, an engineer must abide by the code of ethics because it is his duty and it is also for his own protection. In conclusion, Davis went further to say that the responsibilities of an engineer goes beyond than just abiding by the code ethics. An engineer must also support it and require his fellow engineers to adopt a conduct which is in consonance with what the code provides.

Free Essays on Cisco Company

COMPANY PROFILE Cisco Systems is one of the largest network communications company in the world. Cisco provides networking solutions that customers use to build a integrated information infrastructure of their own, or to connect to someone else’s network. Cisco also offers an extensive range of hardware products used to form information networks, or to give them access to these networks. Cisco also has it’s own software called IOS software, which provides network services and enables networked applications. Cisco serves customers in a wide range of businesses, such as corporations, government agencies, utilities, and educational institutes, and small to medium size businesses. Cisco sells it’s products worldwide. They serve as many as 115 different countries. They have more than 225 sales and support offices in 75 countries. Cisco strongly believes in the advantages of a global networked business. By using networked applications over the internet and it’s own inter nal network, Cisco is gaining financial contribution of at least $825 million a year in operating costs savings and revenue enhancements. Today, Cisco is the largest commerce site, with 87% of their orders are transacted over the web. Cisco is one of Americas greatest corporate success stories. Since shipping it’s first product in 1986, The company has grown into a global market leader that holds No.1 or No.2 market share in almost every market section in which it participates. Cisco went public in 1990 on the nasdaq stock market with annual revenues at $69 million in that year. But now their revenues are at $12.2 billion in fiscal 1999. Their revenues in the last four quarters are shown in the figure below. QUARTERS REVENUES Q3 (ending 4/00) $4.9 billion Q2 (ending 1/00) $4.3 billion Q1 (ending 10/99) $3.9 billion Q4 (ending 7/99) $3.6 billion Cisco world headquarters: San Jose, California, USA Senior Management * John Cham... Free Essays on Cisco Company Free Essays on Cisco Company COMPANY PROFILE Cisco Systems is one of the largest network communications company in the world. Cisco provides networking solutions that customers use to build a integrated information infrastructure of their own, or to connect to someone else’s network. Cisco also offers an extensive range of hardware products used to form information networks, or to give them access to these networks. Cisco also has it’s own software called IOS software, which provides network services and enables networked applications. Cisco serves customers in a wide range of businesses, such as corporations, government agencies, utilities, and educational institutes, and small to medium size businesses. Cisco sells it’s products worldwide. They serve as many as 115 different countries. They have more than 225 sales and support offices in 75 countries. Cisco strongly believes in the advantages of a global networked business. By using networked applications over the internet and it’s own inter nal network, Cisco is gaining financial contribution of at least $825 million a year in operating costs savings and revenue enhancements. Today, Cisco is the largest commerce site, with 87% of their orders are transacted over the web. Cisco is one of Americas greatest corporate success stories. Since shipping it’s first product in 1986, The company has grown into a global market leader that holds No.1 or No.2 market share in almost every market section in which it participates. Cisco went public in 1990 on the nasdaq stock market with annual revenues at $69 million in that year. But now their revenues are at $12.2 billion in fiscal 1999. Their revenues in the last four quarters are shown in the figure below. QUARTERS REVENUES Q3 (ending 4/00) $4.9 billion Q2 (ending 1/00) $4.3 billion Q1 (ending 10/99) $3.9 billion Q4 (ending 7/99) $3.6 billion Cisco world headquarters: San Jose, California, USA Senior Management * John Cham...

over population in Pakistan Essays

over population in Pakistan Essays over population in Pakistan Essay over population in Pakistan Essay In human biology, the whole numbers of residents take up an area (such as a country or the world) and frequently being changed by increases (births and migrations) and losses (deaths and migrations). What is Over Population? The term Over Population or Population Explosion is used to express the idea of more population for fewer resources. Population Situation in Pakistan: According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2010-11, the total population of Pakistan is 177. 1 million against the 173. 5 million in last year. Population growth rate is 2. 1 % and in the list of most populous countries, Pakistan is at 6th number. CAUSES OF OVER POPULATION Following are the main causes of over population in Pakistan: ALLAH RAZIQ Muslims have a solid belief that God gives food to everyone even to an ant living in a stone. So, why they reduce the size of family? No or Less Opportunity Cost 71 % Women are not active in economic activities in Pakistan. Women have no any economic loss while having a childe. Opportunity cost for having a childe is very low r zero in Pakistan. Low Per Capita Income We know that per capita income derives by dividing national income on total population. Low per capita income shows population explosion. Per capita income in Pakistan $ 1254. Unemployment Unemployment is also a symbol of over population. It is difficult to adjust the huge High Population Growth Rate The birth rate is very high which shows that our country is over populated. Rapid growth rate of population is 2. 1 % in Pakistan. Need for More Earning Hands A single person cannot sport his large family in developing countries like Pakistan. He hinks to have more children to be more earning hands. Afghan Refugees An arrival of refugees from India and especially from Afghanistan is also resulting in more population. Low Death Rate Reduction in death rate is another cause of over population. Death rate in 1951 was 2. 8 % while it just 0. 73 % in 2010-11. Low Standard of Living It is observed that in Pakistan people with low income have more children. It is difficult to support such large size family. It results in low living standard of the population. Warm Climate Due to the warm climate, youth and maturity is attained at an early age. It also results in rapid population growth. Absence of Family Planning Effective family planning is not available in Pakistan. People are not familiar with the methods of family planning. They feel hesitation to consult a doctor. Joint Family System There is competition among the family member in accordance with the family size in joint family system. It is also a cause for rapid growth of children. Early Marriages duration for re-productivity is very lengthy. Illiteracy Due to lack of education, people are not aware of with the economic problems caused by high birth rate. Literacy rate is 57. % in Pakistan. Inefficient Population Dependency ratio is very high in our county. Only 32. 17 % population take part in economic activities and other 67. 83 % depends upon them. It views as a pressure on land and population expulsion. Polygamy Practice Polygamy is the condition or practice of having more than one wife at one time. The existence of polygamy also contributes to the increase in population. Urbanization Due to rural urban migration and lack of facilities in cities, there are many social problems. It results in increase in urban population. Higher rate of urbanization is an ndicator of over population. Low Saving Investment The rate of saving and investment of GDP are only 9. 5% and 13. 4% respectively in Pakistan. Rate of investment and employment is also very low due to low rate of savings. So these indicate that Pakistan is over populated. Poor Nutrition People in Pakistan get poor diet, which affects the health and working capacity. It reduces the per capita income, which is a sign of population explosion. Concept of Large Family Large family size is considered as a source of power to influence people and to control the persons around them. People feel pride to have a large family. Vicious Circle of Poverty Very high population growth rate reduces the per capita income, saving, investment and productivity. A country is thus caught up in vicious circle of poverty. Vicious circle Universality of Marriage All men and women of marriageable age enter into wedlock. As such the birth rate is higher in Pakistan. Absence of Other Activities There is absence of recreational facilities and employment opportunities in Pakistan. Time passing and any other enjoyments in Pakistan are very costly. So, people have a more time to spend with thetr wives. EFFECTS OF OVER POPULATION Low Per Capital Income The population growth reduces per capita income of the people because national income is divided by a big size of population. Per capital income of Pakistan is $ 1254 dunng 2010-11. Unemployment, Under-employment and Disguised-unemployment It is impossible to provide Jobs to such highly growing population in Pakistan. It results in unemployment, under-employment and disguised-unemployment. Rate of unemployment in Pakistan is 5. 6%. Low Growth of Agriculture Sector Very fast growth rate of population is a pressure on land. It caused to use of gricultural products at domestic level, increase in the landless workers and shortage of food. Growth rate of agriculture sector is 1. 2%. Low Saving and Low Investment The rapidly increasing population increases the expenditure of government. It reduces the saving and investment. Low level of saving investment means economic backwardness. Domestic savings are 9. 5% of GDP and total investment is 13. 4% of GDP dunng 2010-11. High Rate of Inflation There is more demand for goods due to more population. More demand results in more prices and inflation in the country. Rate of inflation is 14. % in Pakistan. Pollution with billion dollars of resources but do not install treatment plants of million rupees. The rapid growth of population creates pollution, unplanned colonies and environment problems. Backward Social Infrastructure Rapidly growing population creates economic and social problems such as housing, education, health, transport, water, power etc. Very high rate of population growth lowers the per capita income, which caused in low saving and low investment that result in low rate of capital formation. All this forms the vicious circle of poverty. Low Living Standard Rising population cannot be provided the basic facilities of life in developing countries like Pakistan. So, rising population means low living standard. About 21 % population is living below poverty line. Adverse Balance of Payment Over populated nation has to import various items to support a huge population. On the other hand their export decreases. Due to over population our balance of payment is unfavourable in case of Pakistan. At present value of deficit in balance of payment is $ 8. 3 billion. Reduction in Wage Rate High growth rate of population is caused in more labour force and unemployment. There is absence of skill and training that leads to low wage rate. 12. Increase in Dependence Ratio Rapid rise in population growth increases the dependency ratio of unemployed population to employed population. Labour force is 54. 92 million of the population in Pakistan and remaining population is depending upon them. MEASURES TO CONTROL OVER POPULATION Following measures are suggested by the people and experts to check the rapidly raising population: Control the Birth Rate Effective and successful family planning should be introduced. Use of Medicines More contraceptive medicines should be introduced to people. By using these medicines; people will control the birth rate. Late Marriages Marriages should take place in late age to control the rapidly rising population. It will be helpful to control the over population. Health Centers Government should open the health clinics in all the regions of the country. These clinics will be useful for reducing the high birth rate. High Literacy Rate Government should provide the more educational facilities to the backward population. This will provide the true picture of the economy, resources and opulation growth rate. Literacy rate is 57. 7% in Pakistan. Women Employment Only 29 % women take an active part in the economic activities in Pakistan. They live full time at home and have no opportunity cost to have a baby. Family Planning Government should introduce the family planning to the population to control the high growth rate of population. Increase in Employment More employment opportunities must be provided to the young, talented, trained and educated population. It will be helpful to decrease the fast birth rate. Provision of Credit Facilities Government should provide the easy credit facilities to population to adjust the existing population in economic activities. It will lead to reduce the population explosion. Growth and development of small-scale and cottage industries is also necessary to reduce the pressure on land. It will provide more Jobs to men and also to women. Conclusion: High growth rate of population creates unfavorable effects on the economic development in the developing countries like Pakistan. High rate of population growth in Pakistan means poverty, illiteracy, low living standard, absence of prosperity and vicious circle of poverty.

Psychology (humanistic counseling) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychology (humanistic counseling) - Essay Example Even the most advanced computers have trouble understanding the meaning of a simple story or conversation. Cognitive psychologists have found similar complexity in other mental processes. Developmental Psychology is the studyofchangesin human behavior and thought from infancy to old age. Developmental psychology is the study of how people change over time, but it also investigates how and why certain characteristics remain consistent over the life course. A child changes dramatically in size, physical coordination, and thinking capacity while maturing into an adult, for example, but may also maintain the same basic temperament while growing up. Traditionally,developmental psychologists have focused on child development, believing that most formative experiences of life occur during infancy and childhood. The early years are indeed a time of extremely rapid development, when children acquire motor skills, thinking abilities, social skills, capacities for feeling and regulating emotion, and other characteristics that will last a lifetime. But psychologists have more recently turned their attention to adolescence and adulthood, recognizing that development continues throughout the life span. The study of adult development focuses on the unique experiences of this stage of life and examines how adults maintain and refine their capabilities as they age. Thestudyofhumandevelopment requires an especially broad and integrative approach. Thus, developmental psychology incorporates ideas from almost every other area of psychology, including social psychology, cognitive psychology, biopsychology, clinical psychology, and educational psychology. It also draws from many other fields concerned with human behavior. These include sociology, biology (especially genetics and evolutionary biology), anthropology, and economics. The variety of fields relevant to developmental psychology reflects the complexity of human growth and change.(Microsoft Encarta 2007 1993-2006 ) 3. Biological Psychology Biopsychology, is thescientificstudy of the biology of behavior and mental processes. People also refer to this field as biological psychology, psychobiology, behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience. Thetermbiopsychology denotes a biological approach to psychology, rather than a psychological approach to biology. Most biopsychologists are trained experimental psychologists who have brought their knowledge of biology to the study of psychological phenomena. These phenomena include behavior and underlying psychological processes, such as learning, memory, perception, attention, motivation, emotion, and cognition. Biopsychologistswork in a variety of overlapping fields of study. Scientists in cognitive neuroscience primarily study the brain to understand the neural mechanisms of mental processes. Researchers in the field of psychopharmacology examine how drugs affect the psychological functions of the brain. Scientists in the field of

Standard Alignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Standard Alignment - Essay Example Language arts mainly consisted of lessons to be learnt, poems to be recited, and grammar to be understood. If we consider standard alignment in the learnings we had, it can be said that the courseware and the approach was horizontally aligned. By horizontal alignment we mean that the standards, curriculum etc. was in accordance with the age of a child and the content delivered to any child of that age was both sufficient and necessary. Since the knowledge of language is not only restricted to knowing how to speak and write, it is very much required that all parts of language are covered in the early education which will also help cultivate interest in the child for the language. Therefore, the early education was horizontally well aligned. Another subject of major importance was Maths. Maths is a subject of vital importance as it marks the beginning of a calculated approach. It involves a child's brain to the maximum and the basic art of calculation is required in every sphere of life. Even for people who do not work, calculations and simple mathematics play a major part in dealing with day to day activities. The early education given to us about Maths comprised of counting. Counting forms the basis of every kind of calculations. The early education also focuses on minor additions and subtractions.